what is polymer morphology

This is known as chain primary structure in proteins. Three of the most significant morphological models of Nafion, the lamellar model, the cylinder model, and the cluster-channel model, are studied. Polymer morphology refers to the overall form of a polymer structure, the arrangement and microscale ordering of polymer chains in space. Research is focused on various polymer systems from the point of view of their supramolecular structure or morphology (light and electron microscopy) and local mechanical properties (microindentation hardness testing).We characterize phase structure of multiphase polymer systems, including image analysis, evaluation of filler dispersion, qualitative estimation of . Adhesion and composites. Illustrates Microscopic Tools for Phase Morphology Investigation. While miscible blends generally give average properties between the components . It provides the link between the molecular structure and the bulk properties. Bacterial morphology deals with size, shape, and arrangement of bacterial cells. Conducting Polymers. While miscible blends generally give average properties between the components . We demonstrate that altering the interactions between the solvent and both the donor and acceptor polymers in the cosolution prior to film-casting induces different solid . Modification of asphalt binders through the addition of a polymer to improve their rheological and physical properties has a long history in asphalt industry. Polymer Morphology ←→ Chemical Structure 1) a) b) 2) a) b) ¾ ¾ ¾ Polymer Morphology The structure, arrangement, and physical form of polymer molecules Closely related to i) ii) iii) i) i) ii) Chemical Structure of Repeating Units (and End Groups) Polymer Structure (e.g., linear, branched, …, monodisperse, …) Polymer morphology, i.e. Key topics include: Polymer synthesis, molecular weight determination, characterization of rheological and viscoelastic behavior. Polymer: The morphology of polymers may vary from crystalline structures to amorphous structures. Contributions that are centered on the mathematical or computational modelling of the morphology or of the manufacturing processes that lead to the development of the morphology are also very . You are here: Home; polymer morphology $\ce{NaCl}$. This chapter reviews the fundamental investigations of the charge transport and morphology of conjugated polymers. The synthesis and characterization of a linear supramolecular polymer formed by dual host-guest recognitions is presented. Medical Definition of morphology 1 : a branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants especially with respect to the forms, relations, metamorphoses, and phylogenetic development of organs apart from their functions — see anatomy sense 1 — compare physiology sense 1 An investigation of the chemical structure and the morphology of synthetic polymer/LCP blends, prepared by transesterification of PET with a mixture of sebacic acid, 4,4'-diacetoxybiphenyl and 4-acetoxybenzoic acid, has shown that a change of the synthesis conditions causes considerable variations of the composition of the two phases and of . Subsequent chapters illustrate microscopic investigations of different polymer systems subjected to various treatments and conditions, and offer a description of the morphology-property relationships which determine material and production quality. With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. 3, parenchyma tissues were found to be bowl-shaped and can provide a space for resin to fill it up. It is a complex and multi-faceted process that should only be done by those with years of experience and strong educational backgrounds--our scientists . In their simplest form, they appear in the electron microscope as thin, flat platelets on the order of 100 to 200 Åthick and several microns in lateral dimensions Folded Chains Polymers form stacks of these folded chains. Techniques to control polymer crystallization and phase separation during solution printing are essential to obtain high-performance printed organic solar cells. On heating or cooling most polymers undergo thermal transitions that provide insight into their morphology. • Polymers with higher crystallinity are denser, stiffer, We show that the weakening of the hydrogen bonds between the nanoparticles and the polymer chains reduces the polymer-nanoparticle composite's dielectric enhancement. N2 - The mechanism of the recently discovered enhancement of dielectric properties in dilute polymer-nanoparticle composites is investigated by experiments and computer simulations. Polymer morphology is a microscale property that is largely dictated by the amorphous or crystalline portions of the polymer chains and their influence on each other. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. An introduction by Young [1] is but one reference from the vast literature on the topic of polymer morphology. title = "Mechanisms of morphology development and control in polymer-polymer blends", abstract = "Polymer-polymer blends continue to be the most important method for achieving optimization of properties in plastics products. Translating all-polymer solar cells from spin-coating to scalable roll-to-roll-compatible fabrication techniques is a critical step toward the application of organic photovoltaics at a scale. Let's talk about the difference between crystalline vs amorphous polymers, this is also known collectively as the polymer morphologies. Enormous efforts have been devoted to understand these effects and to control the film morphology and thus the physical properties of the polymer thin films. With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The shape of polymers is also intimately connected to the size of the various units that make up the macromolecules and the various primary and secondary bonding forces that are present within the chain and between chains. The course is taught by faculty at Virginia Tech University and is designed for all education levels. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. A polymer ( / ˈpɒlɪmər /; Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. The major portion is concerned with placing existing observational material in wider perspectives, not featuring elsewhere, while the concluding parts invoke new material such as is pointing to new trends in the subject also beyond the confines of polymer science. Poly(methyl methacrylate) based polymeric nanofillers are prepared via polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA). The morphology of semicrystalline plastics on the 1-100 μm scale, such as spherulites, strongly affect mechanical and other properties of the material but currently only 2D imaging . From microscopic neutrons to macroscopic galaxies, chirality is an omnipresent but intrinsic feature.Although modulating the handedness and controlling the chiral morphology is challenging in polymer dispersions, it attracts a great deal of research interest because of its crucial role in better understanding the formation mechanisms of helical systems in nature. IV. Common plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene and Nylon crystallize during melt-processing. amorphousness or semicrystallinity, plays a critical role in the degradation process because of the selective degradation of amorphous domains. The three models exhibit distinct proton transport (PT) patterns, which result in different . Charge carrier mobility is one of the key parameters that determine the performance of polymer devices. After scouring and bleaching, cotton is 99% cellulose. title = "Morphology development during the initial stages of polymer-polymer blending", abstract = "The development of morphology from pellet-sized particles to submicrometre droplets during the polymer blending process is investigated for several polymer blends. : With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. Chapter 4: Outline 4.1 Polymer Chain Interactions and Morphology • States of polymers • Polymer chain conformation and entropic elasticity • Polymer morphology and properties 4.2 Thermal Transition / Melting & Crystallization • Characterization of melting /crystallization • Structure-dependence of Tm 4.3 Thermal Transition / Glass Transition • Free volume and glass transition . Elastomer: Elastomers can withstand high pressures due to elastic property. Polymer Morphology will explore the details of structures commonly encountered in polymeric materials. The highly porous morphology of dried oil palm trunks helps the resin to be located and filled within the void space, which will improve the characteristics of OPT polymer composite. In this work, polymer: fullerene bulk‐heterojunctions are fabricated with significantly enhanced thermal stability at 120 °C and beyond, by locking the bulk‐heterojunction morphology through incorporating the novel cross‐linkable bisazide 1,2‐bis ( (4‐ (azidomethyl)phenethyl)thio)ethane (TBA‐X). Polymer research on polymer morphology reveals the microstructure of materials. In this work, we investigated the effects of solvent(s)-polymer(s) interactions on the morphology of all-polymer bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) active layers cast from cosolutions. Enter your keywords . The emeraldine salt form of polyaniline, conducting in the metallic regime, can be synthesized electrochemically as a film exhibiting a well defined fibrillar morphology closely resembling that of polyacetylene. Polymer Morphology: The main morphological feature distinguishing polymeric systems from Metals, Ceramics and even biological materials is disorder. XRD is usually used to monitor crystalline structure and crystallinity changes of polymers during degradation. Most thermosets are amorphous, while thermoplastics may be… Read More • As applied to polymers, morphology involves the study of the arrangement of polymer molecules into crystalline and amorphous regions. Over 30% of all plastics are blends. Nano-dimensional spheres and worms are used to reinforce polymer nanocomposite films to investigate the effect of filler morphology and the effect of crosslinking. Electron microscopy enables polymer analysis for R&D and quality control. The hierarchical morphology encompasses molecular-scale intramolecular conformation (torsion angle, chain folds) and intermolecular ordering (π-π stacking), mesoscale domain size, orientation and connectivity, and macroscale alignment and (para)crystallinity. The polymer linked by the orthogonal interactions of azobenzene with β-cyclodextrin and methyl viologen with sulfonatocalix[4]arene is constructed, and the morphology change along with the formation and vanishment of host-guest interaction is investigated. Stated simply, polymer morphologies are either amorphous or crystalline. Bacterial Morphology. The investigated factors influencing the polymer monolith morphology were the emulsion phase ratio and surfactant concentration, leading to either interconnected cellular type morphology, bicontinuous porous morphology or a hollow sphere inverted structure of the polymerised monoliths. Amorphous molecules are arranged randomly and are intertwined, whereas crystalline molecules are arranged closely and in a discernible order. Such complex morphology in the solid state is fully determined by the polymer . They have been studied for decades, but no one has yet seen them in 3D. T m is the temperature at which crystalline domains lose their structure, or melt. The course will cover both well understood morphologies as well as more applied, less well understood morphologies important to industrial applications. III. For polymers with high crystallinity, such as P3HT and PQT, the smectic phase is the most common, and the tie chain content is critical for this morphology. The effects of polymer morphology on proton solvation and transport in hydrated Nafion are investigated by using a novel reactive molecular dynamics approach. Flexibility Polymer morphology differs from other materials since one often is describing statistical averages of morphological features. I. Bacteria are microorganisms with only one cell and without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. This chapter explains a fundamental theory. The highly porous morphology of dried oil palm trunks helps the resin to be located and filled within the void space, which will improve the characteristics of OPT polymer composite. Polymer Morphology in 3D. In this study, we have used this method to examine whether sickle cell morphology, independent of Hb S polymer fraction, had an effect on cell rheology. These illustrations include micro and nanopolymer blends, micro and nanocomposites . Crystalline polymers . Profile of the department. Polymer Characterization includes determining molecular weight distribution, the molecular structure, the morphology of the polymer, thermal properties, mechanical properties, and any additives. In order to determine the morphology at short mixing times, a model experiment is . The morphology of the crystals did not depend on the NP size (in the range tested; ∼4.8-7.6 nm). This chapter is an introduction to polymer morphology, which must be understood in order to develop relations between the structure and properties of these materials. Elasticity. Polymer Morphology. 2 Polymer Structure (Morphology) The size and shape of polymers are intimately connected to their properties. A series of polymers were prepared by varying the amount of crosslinking monomer (EGDMA) whilst the other polymer components remained constant. The "escape-by-crafty-scheme" strategy is an efficient approach to prepare metal-oxide nanomaterials with desirable morphology and crystal planes inherited from coordination-polymer nanoparticle precursors, which can be designed and finely tuned by soft chemical assembly of metal ions and organic ligands at the molecular level (see scheme; ptcda=perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride). However, a few intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) exist that have alternating single and double bonds along the polymer backbone (conjugated bonds) or that are composed of aromatic rings such as phenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrrole, and thiophene which are connected to one another through carbon-carbon single bonds. Polymer semiconductors have much lower fabrication costs and can be deposited on flexible substrates. The author sifted through an encyclopedic amount of information to provide a selection of more than 550 microscopy pictures resulting from the observation of multiphase polymer-based materials. Cyclic voltammograms of chemically synthesized and electrochemically synthesized polyaniline are essenti Cellulose is a macromolecule -- a polymer made up of a long chain of glucose molecules linked by C-1 to C-4 oxygen bridges with elimination of water (glycoside bonds). Polymer Morphology • Morphology is the science of form and structure. 2) Local Conformation - Rotational states of chemical bonds, formation of helical structures. II. They are materials inherently governed by statistics, entropy and kinetics. A polymer blend is a physical mixture of two (or more than two) polymers. Structure is built up from, 1) Chemical Configuration - The arrangement of chemical units in the chain. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. 2D). As stated at the end of Section 7.3, the lamellar morphology is the basic and universal feature of a crystalline polymer and is also the source of the ubiquitously observed SAXS reflections (see later). This is know as chain secondary structure in proteins. AFM is uniquely suited to provide morphology on polymer samples, since the mechanism for contrast is mechanical—based on a mechanical interaction between the tip and sample. Polymer: Polymers can rupture when a pressure is applied (except for elastomers). $\ce{NaCl}$. Cotton Morphology and Chemistry Cellulose Chemistry. For polymers with good planarity, such as PCDTPT-HD, nematic ordering is suitable for charge transport, and increasing the molecular weight could effectively elevate the device performance. Their thin lamellar crystals organize in aggregates called spherulites, cyllindrites and "shish-kebabs". • Illustrates major structure types, such as semicrystalline morphology, surface-induced polymer crystallization, phase separation, self-assembly, deformation, and surface topography • Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites Microscopy techniques are especially useful in determining these microscale properties, as the domains created by the polymer morphology are large enough to be viewed using modern . They do not possess internal organisation and their DNA is often sequestered into a region of the bacterial cell known as the nucleoid. When used in low-pigmented and zero-pigmented test formulations, this controlled polymer morphology with functionality exhibits excellent film formation as well as faster hardness development, harder final films, equal block resistance, and improved print and tack resistance compared to commercial low-VOC and ultra-low VOC offerings. This is the first in-depth study examining the effect of morphology on the performance of 2-aminopyridine (2-apy) imprinted polymers. Polymer materials have the ability of controllable morphology and porosity ratio, adherence to the flexible substrate, and ease of large-area processing. It is found that crosslinked Affiliation 1 Chiral Expression and Morphology Control in Polymer Dispersion Systems, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow . Mention may also be made of an application in which careful control of polymer morphology has led to the production of novel materials.By treatment of solutions of high-density polyethylene, products are obtained with a celluloselike morphology and which are known as, fibrides or synthetic wood pulp. Once the polymer is properly mixed with the asphalt binder, a swallowed polymer network is formed, which contributes to the changes in viscoelastic behavior. Abstract - A survey is presented on the principles of polymer morphology. The study of polymer morphology is naturally multiscale, and contributions that reflect this in the experimental or theory work are especially welcome. Thus structure (in the narrow sense) may be used to describe the spatial arrangement of polymer's atoms at a small scale (say a up to few $\pu{10 Å}$).On the other hand, in comparison of the former, morphology is about shape/form/organization at larger scale of length (even if still microscopic) as e.g., for spherulites, domains, grains including properties observable if many . Polymer morphology is a physical phenomenon that focuses on studying the structures and relationships of polymers. Thus structure (in the narrow sense) may be used to describe the spatial arrangement of polymer's atoms at a small scale (say a up to few $\pu{10 Å}$).On the other hand, in comparison of the former, morphology is about shape/form/organization at larger scale of length (even if still microscopic) as e.g., for spherulites, domains, grains including properties observable if many . Based on Fig. Size of cocci range from 0.5 to 3 μm, and the size of a rod shaped bacteria range from 0.15 to 2 μm (width) to 0.5 to 20 μm (length). title = "Mechanisms of morphology development and control in polymer-polymer blends", abstract = "Polymer-polymer blends continue to be the most important method for achieving optimization of properties in plastics products. Polymer morphology and interfacial charge transfer dominate over energy-dependent scattering in organic-inorganic thermoelectrics • Provides an up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to the principles … Elastomers, plastics, and fibers. Goran Ungar. Over 30% of all plastics are blends. Elastomer: Elastomers are amorphous polymers. The morphology analyses of crystalline polymers, amorphous polymers, and polymer blends prepared in different forms such as foils, fibers, or foams, are described in this chapter. • Prov… The highly porous morphology of dried oil palm trunks helps the resin to be located and filled within the void space, which will improve the characteristics of OPT polymer composite. 3, parenchyma tissues were found to be bowl-shaped and can provide a space for resin to fill it up. D. C. Bassett, Principles of Polymer Morphology, Cambridge University Press, 1981. Morphology refers to features like particle and domain size and distribution, geometry and size of features, and other size-based descriptions of the surface. Based on Fig. This result can be understood by taking into consideration the relatively long length of PAA with a molecular weight . These are defined as the melt transition, T m , and the glass transition, T g . Among these researches, the aggregation of polymer chains [12] and its effect on the Molecular shapes and arrangement have major impact on the macroscopic properties of polymers - in effect, understanding these important factors helps scientists efficiently process polymeric materials. Therefore, these are powerful tools for controlling the morphology in the polymer blends. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are less than 3 micrometeres (μm) in size. Lamellae arise in their clearest form (as first discovered) when crystallized from solution, in which case they may appear as isolated suspended entities that are readily accessible for . Polymeric materials are characterized by specific aspects of their surface morphology, which affect their final surface properties such as wettability and adhesiveness and applicability to printing, dying, lamination, water repellency, and biocompatible processes. Polymer structure and morphology, mechanical testing. A plasmid is an additional circular of genetic material found in some bacteria. Importance of this phenomenon is the capability of describing the arrangement of molecules on a large scale. Each of the deuterium-labeled resins was subjected to identical flow and thermal history to form specimens that had a skin-core morphology ().The labeled polymers were sheared for 1.0 s under isothermal conditions at 180°C by pressure-driven flow through a thin rectangular channel with a wall shear stress of 0.14 MPa. We primarily use sickle trait (AS) and Hb S-beta(+)-thalassemia (S-beta(+)-thal) erythrocytes with low hemoglobin F levels, which have normal membranes and few or no dense cells, to remove . The approach will involve exploring morphology in terms of levels of structure. Because most polymer blends are immiscible, it is necessary to use some methods to obtain polymer blends that show good physical properties. 3, parenchyma tissues were found to be bowl-shaped and can provide a space for resin to fill it up. As such, you may compare it with granite, mainly consisting of grains of feldspar, quartz, and mica put together; here, different chemical compounds are present in one material and they retain their individual local chemistry. Based on Fig. Most organic polymers are insulators by nature. •All polymer single crystals seem to have the same general appearance and structure. When the process was repeated with the longer polymer (PAA 100k), the NP crystals were less faceted and more rounded (Fig. Here, we demonstrate a novel solvent . 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